by Max Barry

Latest Forum Topics

Advertisement

The Republic of
Civil Rights Lovefest

Overview Factbook Policies People Government Economy Rank Trend Cards

2

Winds of the Rose Sea

Etymology & Meteorology


The mariners, navigators and immigrants from Iberia (Lusitania and Hispania) and Italia in Mediterranean Europe to Atlantis referred to the wind that facilitated their navigation to the coastal ports and cities of the Rose Sea as buen ayre (from Ladino for "good air" or buona aria, buen aire, bon aire, bom ar, bo aire, bon air). This illustrates the emphasis of marine wind in Palman culture. The etymology of the names of the winds reveals a history of Rosa Atlantida. The meteorology of wind, with biology ecology and geology, relates to the geography and oceanography of Palman Riviera. The climate (as a Linkclassification of Wladimir Köppen and Rudolf Geiger, with modifications by Robert Andrewartha) in Palma Riviera is predominately hot-summer (LinkCsa) and warm-summer Mediterranean (LinkCsb), humid tropical (LinkCfa and Cwa), oceanic (LinkCfb and Cwb), tropical monsoon (LinkAm), tropical savanna (LinkAw), and tropical forest (LinkAf). Climatic zones are classified with the axes (mean total and annual temperature, precipitation, and potential evaporation and transpiration) of barycentric subdivisions and with indications of latitude, altitude, and humidity or aridity. The climax of climate is a basis for the irrigation and vegetation of vital soil in ecosystems and biosystems. Ambient climes are determinative of supervivency (i.e., the capacity to survive or overlive).

Levante

Named in Italian and Spanish from the French levant for "elevating", the levante refers to the rising of the Sun in the oriental east. Occurring in the western Rose Sea, it is a humid easterly wind which passes through the mouth of Orpheus Bay. Its event or occasion is most frequent from Cancer to Libra, but may occur in any month. It is usually a light or moderate wind laden with excessive humidity and local clouds (and occasionally rain). Prevalent easterly winds are referred to as "easterlies" or trade (alisio, aliseo, alisis, alísio, alizé) winds because of their commercial importance to navigation and migration, while westerly winds of this type are named "westerlies". The south-eastern and north-eastern winds converge at the intertropical convergence zone (i.e., the equatorial calm absent of wind), which encircles the thermic equator that is near the geographic equator separating the northern and southern hemispheres of the terrestrial atmosphere (divided by the equator and limited by the poles). It fluctuates to the north and south in the northern and southern summers.

The global tropical atmospheric circulation of air (that elevates to the tropopause, as the frontier of the troposphere and stratosphere) moves from the equatorial tropics to the subtropics prior to returning to the equator at the terrestrial surface. The resulting equator-to-pole temperature gradient creates the westerly jet streams (aerial currents from the distribution of solar warming and the transport of thermal energy) and the easterly winds. These cells, which Dalton rediscovered, are named for George Hadley, who proposed an alternative to the theory of Halley. The eastwards component of motion occurs because of a deflection that results from an inertial or fictitious force and a conservation of angular momentum. In addition to the meridional (latitudinal) direction, circulation in the zonal (longitudinal) direction occurs in the troposphere of the tropical regions (latitudes) of Earth because of the different thermal distribution of the Ocean and the Earth (Terra). This is named for Gilbert Walker (who supported Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar, who was an influence of Godfrey Harold Hardy, or a mathematician who proposed a principle with Wilhelm Weinberg in population genetics—as a discipline of evolution, selection, mutation and variation—for allele and genotype frequencies or probabilities at each generation and that was friends with Bertrand Russell, George Edward Moore and John Maynard Keynes). This circulation is the result of the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific Ocean of Atlantis (e.g., Astronesia, and Tecuantepec as a coastal mountain named for tecuani or "mazatl, beast, wild animal" of Anadolia) and a depressed system over the western Pacific Ocean of Asia, India and Australia.

The warmer area of the Pacific—in addition to the warm water of the Indian, of which is the location of the fictional isles that the satirist LinkJonathan Swift describes with inspiration from the cartographer and geographer Herman Moll and that which inspired the names of nations and tribes as collected by authoritative researchers in Jutsa—is the origin of the convection. This meteorologic and climatologic circulation induces the trade winds to cause upwelling of frigid (cold) and profound sea water at the oceanic surface, which elevates the thermocline (profundity versus temperature). Periodic variations in surface air temperature (e.g., with phases or periods of ventilation and precipitation) correlate to oscillations in surface air pressure. These oscillations in climate produce extreme weather. A clockwise gyre (caused by trade winds) circulates (with a centre of an augmented pressure zone) in the Pacific Ocean north of the equator produces oceanic currents (cf. to an anti-clockwise gyre south of the equator) at an oceanographic (geologic and biologic) continental frontier or limit. The littoral drifting that derives from the hydrodynamic current transports sediments, which depends on the obliquity of the angle of the entrant wave and prevalent wind direction in the sea relative to the coast. As a geologic process of coastal erosion, deposition and accumulation, it results in parallel littoral movement that forms spits, barriers, marshes and shoals at estuaries, rivers, bays and lagoons. Cusps (in geometry, a local singularity of a function or a singular point of a curve that is continuous, but the directional derivative does not exist at the continuity) form on the marine beach as an auto-sufficient (autarkic) formation of sediment (cf. fluvial alluvium, which has an interdependent definition with colluvium similar to the material illuvium and eluvium, and the diluvium exemplified by the prehistoric lake of Porte de l'Enfer, or nmsuletkw for "place of glacial aquatic fluid" in Salish of north-west Atlantis) organised in a regular period of arcs.

Vendavale

Named in an adoption by the Iberian languages from French vent d'aval ("high sea wind, occidental west wind [figuratively 'to the wall, vale, valley, val(l)(e), vallée', not 'to the mount or mountain']"), vendavales are forcible north-westerly winds that occur starting off the coast of the Golden Gate strait in San Francesco and to Orpheus Bay in Rio de Rosa. They predominately occur during the humid winter season (from the months of Sagittarius to Aries) and is often accompanied by violent torments and thunderstorms. The perturbation (from the Latin turba for a "tumult", which is related to "storm" and turma for a "multitude, troop" that disturbs) of a tropical cyclone—with winds, storms, and surges (surrect and affluent alluvions)—is exacerbated and aggravated by the latent transfer of thermal energy from thunderstorm activity in the troposphere. This mechanism differs from cyclonic polar vortices, subtropical cyclones (of an intermediate geographic and temperate climate zone) and extratropical cyclones (which are connected by horizontal or frontal gradients and fronts). A cyclone (a hurricane or a typhoon from the Sinitic 大風 or da(i) / t(h)a(i) fung / hung / hong for "great wind" that is related to 太 for "greatest" or through the Portuguese tufão from the Arabic طُوفَان‎ or ṭūfān with descendants in Persian and Hindustani) is a rotation of an air mass about a centre (central region) of depressed atmospheric pressure. This rotational (spiral or helical) vortex rotates anti-clockwise (right-handed chirality) in the Northern Hemisphere when viewed from celestial space (clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere). For an anti-cyclone, with a high pressure system at its centre, this is opposite. The effect of rotation is the result of a horizontal deflection or acceleration to the right (or respectively left) with respect to the direction of motion by an inertial or fictitious force that acts upon on a physical object in motion within a non-inertial frame of reference in rotation relative to an inertial reference frame (without acceleration), as noted by Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis. The force (which acts in a direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation) is proportional to the angular velocity, whereas the centrifugal force (in a radial direction) is proportional to the quadrate. Cyclonic tempests of wind (i.e., a vortex as in "vertex") occur as extratropical cyclones that result from depressions of pressure over the North Atlantic ("northeaster") and North Pacific ("northwester") at the Atlantean coasts. In comparison, the monsoon (from the Portuguese monção, itself from the Arabic مَوْسِم‎ or mawsim for "season, station, time, tide") is a seasonal (compared to daily or diurnal) sea breeze in circulation and direction. In the summer, the reduced air pressure over land relative to over water caused by the different absorption capacity of solar radiation results in wet (humid) air from the high pressure above the cold (cool) water of the Pacific (Rose Sea and Palman Gulf) to move as the wind blows above the hot (warm) land where air rises to accumulate in the atmospheric formation of nebulous clouds and pluvial rain. Its torrent of precipitation is connected to the annual oscillation and liminal migration of the intertropical convergence at the thermic equator.

Meteorology uses radar (cf. the acronym of sonar) as radio detection (with an antenna connected to the duplex communication of a transmitter, as an oscillator and modulator, and a receiver, as a filter and a processor, by a waveguide) to estimate the location (spacetime) and the direction (angle) of precipitation in motion. The phenomena are distinguished by the apparent change of frequency or phase. The reception of reflectivity of radiance (or flux of radiant energy of a surface) as reflectance (the magnitude of the reflection coefficient related to the impedances, or the reciprocal of admittances, of the media, which are equal to the characteristic impedance of free space in a relation of the intensity of the electric field, the refractive indices, the intensity of the magnetic field, the electric constant of permittivity, the magnetic constant of permeability and the celerity or velocity of light), not the transmissivity as transmittance (with the transmission of irradiance in refraction as orthogonal linear polarisations where either the electric field is normal to the plane of incidence and the magnetic field is in the plane of incidence or the electric field is in the plane of incidence and the magnetic field is normal to the plane of incidence), of electromagnetic radiation incident upon a material interface. Limited by elastic dispersion or diffusion, it is calculated as a truncated convergent improper Linkintegral (limit of a definite integral) of complex numbers (equal to a factorial function for a real and natural part) that depends on the dielectric constant (relative permittivity), and diameter and number of particles. The reflection differs from the reflection of a signal that occurs in a medium from impedance discontinuities result in distortion (modulation, modification, alteration, amplification, attenuation, augmentation and retardation by amplitude, phase or frequency). It is minimised (and the transference of potency to a load, charge or cargo maximised) by the termination of a complex conjugate of the characteristic impedance (of the surge, font or source of current and potential difference) where the real parts (resistance) are equal and the imaginary parts (reactance, or capacitance and inductance) are equal in magnitude but opposite in positive or negative sign.

Mistral

Named in the provincial dialect from the Latin magistralis ("master [wind]"), the mistral is a north-westerly or northerly wind that is characteristic for its potency and dry frigidity that blows offshore along the north coast of the Rose Sea. It is most stark off the Roden delta and ria in Málaga. It is a katabatic wind so it descends from higher elevations, i.e. cold, dense and dry air blowing from high pressure to the lower pressure of the Rose Sea where it is warmer and humid from the water.

Marin

The marin wind name originates from the French for "sailor, seaman, marine(r), marino, marí, marinho, mariño". It is a forcible and stark wind that blows from a south-easterly direction. It is subsequent in frequency and similar in importance compared to the mistral. It is generally warm, wet and cloudy, with rain and thick (dense or opaque) weather, and is associated with depressions that enter from the west or south-west after traversing Aleixandria and San Francesco.

Bora

With its name from the Greek boreas ("north-wind") and from the Latin (which has the coordinate antonym auster for "south-wind" or sirocco, named ostro in Italian and austro in Spanish), the bora is a katabatic wind that blows on the north-central (where the cardinal direction is relative to the centre of the form, area and continental or oceanic mass) coast predominantly in winter and lent similar to the mistral. The nautical compass and rose of the winds, as navigational instruments of the cardinal or principal directions (north, east, south and west, or the natural colours of black, green, red, and white), are symbols of Rosa Pacifica.

Sirocco

Named scirocco in Italian (from the Greek sirokos and the Arabic sharqi for "east"), this wind is a hot, dry, southerly (in a direction that is northwards, or towards the north and from the south, not southwards) that blows on the south-east coast of Palma Riviera at the Palman Gulf (between the cities of Delfino and Yafa Aviv) in front of an advancing depression (low pressure area). It frequently carries plenty of powder and sand from the desert arena (in Persian هامون or hâmun, although this refers to an Afghan endorheic basin of the river Haetumant, which refers to "having a dam" in Avestan, that is named Erymandrus from Ἐτύμανδρος or Etýmandros), and its approach is indicated by a stripe of brownish cloud on the southern horizon, often accompanied by dense rain (pluvial precipitation and humid hydration). The wind is also called ghibli (from the Arabic قِبْلِيّ‎, or qibliyy for "coming from the qibla", i.e., the direction in which Muslims pray). They are most frequent in the vernal lent, from the months of Pisces to Gemini. Low pressure in the Palman Gulf (south of the Atlantic Rin River) draws dry and hot (an extreme of warm analogous to the intermediary cool with cold) air from its semi-arid south-eastern arm in Atlantis and across the Atlantic from the Mediterranean or African Maghreb.

Garbin

The origin of the name garbin is the Italian garbino (from Arabic the gharbi for "westerly"). It refers to the westerly or south-westerly wind that predominates in Rose Island the totality (if not the majority, and never the minority) of the year and approaches Rio de Rosa. It frequently raises high seas and may give violent westerly torments (in Spanish borrascas from boreas or borras, the opposite of bonanzas or bonanças from the Latin bonaccia, bonus and malacia). In estival summer (prior to the autumnal harvest) it is most persistent, but in hibernal winter it alternates with the tramontane. The name is cognate of Algarve in Portugal (from الغرب or al-gharb for "the west" of Andalucía from الأَنْدَلُس or al-Andalus, which is the north of the Mediterranean, the south of the Ebora of the Tagus river, and the east of the Atlantic Ocean). This port, with Agadir in Andalusia or Baetica, is connected to Tartessos, Lacobriga and Faaron (not for a "pharaoh" or the tower but from אַהֲרֹן or ʾahărōn via هَارُون or hārūn as a Mosaic chief or principal prophet) in Iberia (Roman Hispania and Lusitania, which was influenced by Carthaginian Phoenicia, the Celts and the Goths such as in Tarracona or Catalonia possibly from a land of the Alans, castellum from castrum, catu for "war, battle", and قَتَّال or qattāl for "assassins").

Tramontane

From Italian tramontana, which developed from the Latin transmontanus ("beyond, across the mountains"), the name of the tramontane (cf. the opposite or contrary cismontane) refers to the Maritime Alps. Similar to the mistral, this northeasterly or northerly winter wind blows from the Alps and Maritime Alps to the Rio de Rosa coast as a fresh wind (cf. neuma, ventus, flatus, animus, spiritus and ghost) of the thin (fine or transparent) weather that does not typically attain "gale" force with its frenetic call. The word "breeze" (brezza, brisa, brise), in Arabic نَسِيم or nasīm, originally referred to the alpine tramontane. In meteorology, the force of wind is an empiric measure that relates velocity v in knots (unitary celerity of 1 nautical mile per hour at 10 metres above the marine surface as in the niche and carchesium, from καρχήσιον or karkhḗsion, of the arboreal mast, pole or pale with its veil or sail and antenna or yard) as (8v/13)2/3, which was developed by Francis Beaufort (who is noted for a reciprocal cipher of substitution with a tabula recta).

Etesian

The etesian winds blow in the summer (Cancer to Virgo), hence their name from the Greek etos ("periodic, annual"). They blow in a direction to the north-west in the western Rosa Sea, especially in Aleixandria and San Francesco. They carry mal tempo ("evil tide, weather, time" in Italian). They are caused by a depression over Anadolia and elevated pressure in the continental mountains of Atlantis. These and the westerlies characterise the Mediterranean climate. The weather of the Atlantean climes are surveilled (monitored and observed) by celestial satellites (in an intergovernmental organisation by international convention and cooperation with the operations centre of the Atlantean Space Agency in its radiometry, telemetry, telecommunications, and command and control for navigation) for meteorology of the atmosphere, which interacts with the hydrosphere (e.g., the Ocean) of the terrestrial geosphere.

Foehn

Alternatively spelt as föhn, the name of the foehn is derived from Latin favonius for "lent breezes", the equivalent to the Greek zephyrus (the fructifying messenger of lent, flowers, beauty, youth, and joy). It is a warm and dry wind experienced leeward (downwind) of high mountain ridges. Charged with humidity, these winds are forced to ascend the slopes, thus becoming saturated and submitting to a reduction of temperature. Clouds are formed and heavy precipitation occurs on the windward (upwind) side. The wind then descends on the leeward (in Astronesian, tonga or kona, whilst "seawards" is matai or makai) side and undergoes an increase of temperature, blowing, therefore, as a warm (callid) and dry (arid) wind. It occurs on the northern sides of the Maritime Alps and Sea Ridge, and eastern side of the Sierra Nevada (referred to as alpujarra or albuxarrat from the Celtic alp, alb for "high" and xarrat, serrat, sreath that signifies a "file, queue, sequence, series, group, line, row" and is related to the Latin serra or "saw" for mountains) in Aleixandria. Instead, with the Salish Sea of the Pacific Ocean, on the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains of Nova-Lox, the same type of wind is known as the Chinook (from Tsinúk for "fish eaters" in Coast Salish). (The salmon, as well as other marine animals that feed on it like orcas in the sea or bears from rivers, is an alimentary and culinary element of the Pacific Northwest Islander, Coast, and Plateau peoples and the Atlantic Northeast Woodland peoples of Nova-Lox.)

The wind is caused by adiabatic heating where the compressed (increased in pressure and decreased volume) air mass is heated (increased in temperature) only by the descent in elevation (work acted upon by the vicinity, increasing internal energy). The semi-arid region east of the Palman Gulf and west of the dividing Alps and the Atlantic occurs because of the rain shadow effect of orographic lifting. Adiabatic cooling caused by the decrease in pressure from the ascent over mountains results in increased volume and decreased temperature (as its internal energy does work on its vicinity). The effect is an increase in relative humidity of the air-water vapour mixture that is the atmosphere on the windward side of the mountains. The moisture in the air mass is reduced when clouds form and precipitation occurs, resulting in warm and dry air on the leeward side of the mountains. This effect observed in the Pacific Cordillera (from the Spanish cordel for "cord", consisting of the Olympic Mountains, Cascade Mountains, Coast Mountains, and Sierra Nevada) on the western (Pacific) coast of Atlantis, as well. Cordilleran inland ice (a continental glacier or a glacial mass with a magnitude of area greater than that of alpine glaciers) of northern Atlantis originated from the polar Arctic. The geothermal energy at the base smelts the ice as liquid and aqueous lubrication for motion. The Alps extend from the north-west to south-east creating the Continental Water Divide (line of partition, separation or vaginal sheath) with a figure like a "reflected, inverse sigmoid curve". This drainage divide forms the drainage basins that feed into the Atlantic (spanning north to east) and the Pacific (spanning west to south) on either side. The Atlantean divide corresponds to the Atlas River. The continent of Atlantis does not contain endorheic basins that do not drain to the Ocean.

Used by meteorology, synoptic charts (with a horizontal scale in the order of 1000 kilometres or km) depict the weather (meteorologic conditions) of a spatial area (zone) at a particular temporal point with a graphic representation. Its isolines (cf. isogram from ἴσος or isos and γράμμα or gramma for "picture", isopleth from πλῆθος or plêthos for "quantity", isoarithm from ἀριθμός or arithmos for "number", isogon from γωνία or gonia for "angle", and isocline from κλίνειν or klinein for "pendent") are isometric contours (μέτρον or metron for "metre") and interpolations of data from stations (臺 or tai / dai / toi / (t)hoi for "platform, base, tower, observatory") and satellites. An isotherm (from θέρμη or thermē, named by Alexander von Humboldt, a cartographer and geographer whose study of Atlantis and descriptions of observations in the Atlantean continent inspired a cosmopolitanism in the Chaos of humanity of artificial and mundane civilisation with a Cosmos of holistic physics, Romantic philosophy and scientific history formulated the Universe as a unity and Nature as an entity) is a line of equal (constant) temperature gradient. Similarly, an isobar (βάρος or baros) is a line of equal atmospheric (barometric) pressure. Its distribution is related to the magnitude and direction of wind. An isohel (ἥλιος or helios), isohyet (ὕετος or huetos), isotach (ταχύς or tachus), and isodrosotherm (δρόσος or drosos) respectively refer to a line of equal solar radiation, precipitation, wind velocity, and dew point (the temperature of air when made frigid (fresh) such that water vapour saturates and condenses as liquid where condensation equals evaporation at a condition of constant barometric pressure). When the dew point equals the present ambient temperature corresponds to 100% relative humidity.

Meteorologists use a barometer to measure pressure, which is related to the bathymeter of profundity in the hydrosphere and the hypsometer of altitude in the atmosphere). It is similar to the anemometer for the velocity and celerity of wind (not the hydrometer and pycnometer for density, not "gravity", of fluid from mass and volume). The thermometer is a volumetric tube for temperature, not thermic transfer in the physics of mechanics and dynamics (not statics). As an electronic (not photonic) element or component, it is a junction of dissimilar conductors where, in a thermoelectric effect of named for Jean Charles Athanase Peltier and Thomas Johann Seebeck, a gradient affects the porters of charge, which was united by Thomson. This is distinct from:

  • the conductivity or reciprocal resistivity of a resistor (semiconductor),

  • the thermomagnetic induction by an inductor where currents result in incandescent conduction named for Joule and Lenz,

  • the effect named for Albert von Ettingshausen and Walther Hermann Nernst (as students of Boltzmann) as a result of the potential difference produced that was observed by Edwin Hall, and

  • the rotation in the dielectric material by the moment of dipoles polarised by radio frequency propagation diffusion and absorption of electromagnetic undulations from the radiation or oscillation.

Humid air prevents (permits) perspiration (the production, secretion and excretion of fluids by glands for thermoregulation) from evaporating (condensing). For a curved surface, the natural logarithm of the relation of the equilibrium vapour pressure and the saturated vapour pressure is equal to the relation of double the product of liquid surface tension and molecular volume (the mass of a quantity of substance relative to density), and the product of the radius of curvature (positive if convex and negative if concave), the temperature and the ideal or universal gas constant (defined as the product of the Avogadro constant and Boltzmann constant that are proportionality factors that respectively relate the number of constituent particles and the mean kinetic or thermal energy of particles for an absolute or thermodynamic temperature, which was introduced by Planck). This equation was derived by Robert von Helmholtz (the son of Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz, who was the origin of an identical theorem demonstrated by Léon Charles Thévenin for complex circuits with an equivalent simplex combination of an intense tension and a (re)active impedance as a connection in series, which is analogous to Dalton's partial pressures and corresponds by a transformation to a theorem from Hans Ferdinand Mayer and Edward Lawry Norton with a current and a impedance as a connection in parallel, determined by a tension of zero from an impedance of zero and a current of zero from an impedance of infinity that respectively substitutes or replaces independent, not dependent, and ideal, not real, generators of potential difference and electric charge at a definite frequency and by the principle of superposition of responses as homogenous and additive functions at the terminals of linear time-invariant circuits with passive elements). The vapour pressures are functions of temperature. The equilibrium of saturation (100% relative humidity) requires condensation equals evaporation. Nucleation is principal as a process in the formation, transition, condition or organisation of a thermodynamic phase and system. Clouds (nebulous water) occur in the air with impurities as heterogeneous (not homogeneous) nucleation.

Atlantean architecture has been cognisant of the local climate of the site of a mansion, insulation, habitation and sedentary residence (domicile, domus or oikos compared to the urban isle or insula and rural see or sede as the casa(l(e)) or villa of hospitality). The real domus as a domestic and economic palace (as the fundamental foundation and institution) is a mnemonic, methodic and systemic extension (external expression) of the personal ego as a memorial locus where memory is a theatre or archive of intension (internal impression) in the imagination (i.e., concept or subject of ideal, virtual, mental and subjective conception in the absence of a percept or object of actual, material, corporal and objective perception) of an image or idea (a spatial and temporal medium of communication of thematic content by representation and reconstruction, inclusion and exclusion, and action and inaction). The villa (cf. the manor, manoir or mas) with plantations of latifundia and the land of functionaries (principal senators and official administrators) was promoted by economists as an economic community (in the political economy and natural order) with physiocracy (a utilitarian and agrarian government in society of agriculture and Nature, not the goods, services, products, factors and artifice of artificial, industrial, commercial and mercantile capital by industry, finance, commerce and merchants) where labour is the origin of value provided in the surplus (benefit, profit and rent) from human potency or animal energy. Subterranean to a villa or forum might be a gallery, corridor or passage named a cryptoporticus (with arches or an hypogaeum that supports portico structures as a foundation or platform) for the deposit of perishable goods in a loculus. The sanctuary domain of the alimentary provisions of the family (an interior and internal Universe, versus the exterior and external Nature) is associated with a protective animist spirit (genius as a familiar, genial, tribal, social, domestic, daemonic, angelic and tutelary deity that is related to the lares and penates, from the Latin penus, and not penes as the plural of the phallic penis).

The traditional house opened to the central atrium with an compluvium (an opening of the roof) above an impluvium (a pool that collected rain water). The evaporation of the water in this cistern created a draught from the atrium to the peristyle of the courtyard (with a fountain, pool and garden or hortus) by the tab(u)linum. The host would welcome invited clients and dependents in the atrium from the street through the fauces of the vestibule central to the tabernae ("taverns"). The cubicula ("cubicles") are private chambers, salons, parlours or lounges that are arranged about the atrium. The culina ("kitchen") included a chimney and focus ("hearth"). Comestibles were consumed in the clinium with klinai or mobile divans to recline or incline for symposia and colloquia. The characteristic type of domicile or domestic house in Atlantis is designed and constructed with a central courtyard (cortile, corte, patio, pati, pátio, cour) or atrium and with a veranda (baranda, varanda, véranda), celestial balcony, or roof terrace (terrazza, terraza, terrassa, terraço, terrazo, terrasse). It is customary to adorn the courtyards with plants, flowers, fountains and aquaria to represent the harmony of a paradise garden (riad; cf. Persian باغ‎ or bâğ). Interior windows (fenestral vents and apertures, e.g. ventanillas) provide viewpoints into the open space of the courtyard (cf. the Sinitic 天井 or zen(g) / ti(a)n / t(h)ien(g) / ji(a)n(g) / chi(a)ng). Atria are open air or covered with a skylight and clerestory overhead, and provide ventilation or light. Modern ones are multiple storeys. Louvres (gelosie, celosías, gelosies, gelosias, jalousies) are common (traditional and modern) architectural characteristics that protect against light and heat without impeding air flow.

The veranda (from Sanskrit varanda), a porch or portico with a balustrade (parapet of balusters), encircles the bungalow (from banglo, the Gurjar genitive of bangla) vernacular single- or double-storey house offers privacy and protection. Decorative filigree (from filum for "file" and granum for "grain") is a delicate and intricate metal ornamentation and decoration that is confused with a balustrade (from balaustium, itself from βαλαύστιον or balaústion that is named for a floral pomegranate) of a perimeter for fortification and protection. The direction (orientation) of the house in temperate climates maximises the absorption and transmission of thermal energy of incident solar radiation (with reflection minimised) with windows facing towards the equator, and with a brise-soleil to minimise it in the summer. Insulation with the material of the façades (walls, floor and ceil) reduces the transference of heat. Passive cooling systems use natural ventilation to remove heat from the thermal mass of the residential space. Climates with diurnal temperature cycles permit houses to ventilate and cool at night. Windward towers that capture wind from the dominant direction to flow through and cool the interior with the air exiting at a leeward tower. A lantern draws the heat and air up and to the exterior in a similar application of pressure and convection. Fountains, like the hearth that heats, cool (refrigerate) in the evaporation of water (with the thermal energy as the enthalpy of vaporisation) in channels and pools by the warm air that augments relative humidity. Ventilation and circulation may be augmented with mechanical and electrical ventilators by "changing" air (moving its volume in a space as measured by volumetric flow). These are used in medicine for indications of apnoea, asthma and pneumonia from irritation, inflammation, infection, infiltration, and the obstruction of respiration that interferes with haematosis (gaseous interchange and diffusion) at the bronchial alveoli (from alveolus, a diminutive of alveus, itself from the intestinal alvus).

Central heating, instead of space heating, transfers, distributes and circulates heat generated in one location to throughout the structure by air, steam or water in fluid ducts. The resistance of viscous fluids in relative motion as frictional force from deformation is quantified as kinematic viscosity (momentum diffusivity), or energetic density multiplied by time or dynamic (absolute) viscosity divided by density. The pressure (forced divided by area as the modulus of transversal rigidity or tangential elasticity), which is distinct from the normal) is the dynamic viscosity multiplied by the derivative (tensor or gradient) of velocity in the direction perpendicular to parallel separated plates (one with constant celerity and the other stationary). A secondary central system connects to a primary district system at a substation. Examples include the calefaction by thermal radiation and convection of radiators and convectors, or the caliducts of a hypocaust system with a caldera and a (hydronic, hydraulic, pneumatic or electric) furnace. Air conditioning cools by refrigeration cycles that transmits heat from a location at a lower temperature to one at a higher temperature in the compression of vapour (humour or humid fluid). An example is a "warm pump" that uses refrigeration by compression that exchanges (transfers) warm heat in the interior domestic air to the exterior ambient air with the processes of evaporation and condensation of a refrigerant (the thermodynamic phase transition of vapour to liquid by a compressor), and vice-versa in thermostatic expansion). A thermostat senses (as mechanical bimetallic lamina, or a thermometric dispositive implement and equipment) the temperature of these systems to control the valves for a desired point. These can demonstrate hysteresis, a dependence of the state of a system on its history. This latency or retardation is the effect that provides the element of memory in magnetisation.

The magnetic polarity of the Earth is caused by the electric currents in the convection (thermodynamic motion) its liquid (fluid) metal core that induces a magnetic field. The rotation of the Earth on its axis (west to east) creates a current with temporal variance that generates the magnetic dipoles (the magnetic south pole to the north, and the magnetic north pole to the south). The direction and inclination of the force of the magnetic field is directed from the magnetic north pole (the southern hemisphere) to the magnetic south pole (the northern hemisphere). The geographic poles, divided by the equator, are near the location of the geomagnetic poles. The terrestrial magnetosphere limits exposure to electromagnetic radiation of solar "wind". The property of magnetism in materials is also caused by magnetic moments (angular momentum orbital revolution that corresponds to the direction of rotational motion) of atomic electrons. In the presence of a magnetic field, protons (elementary particles or hydrogen nuclei) precess in parallel or anti-parallel (in response to the restorative force that acts and returns them to the equilibrium direction) that appears as a magnetic flux (with spatial position information). They enter into phase with a radio frequency pulse at resonance of a static (homogeneous) magnetic field in oscillation. The longitudinal and transverse recuperation from excitation in magnetisation or polarisation is called relaxation. Resonance describes the physical phenomenon of the augmentation of the amplitude that occurs when the frequency of the action of a periodic force (oscillation) is equal to the natural frequency (eigenfrequency) of the system.

Seismic sources include volcanic, plutonic, oceanic, tectonic, lithospheric, atmospheric, continental, glacial, fluvial, natural and artificial events. Elastic waves propagate in a direction parallel (collinear, longitudinal, compression or pressure) or perpendicular (orthogonal, normal, transversal or transverse) to the motion of displacement of the terrestrial fluid (solid or liquid) material (compositions with the properties of density and modulus) from these processes. They are either subsurface or superficial (surface or interface) vibrations and oscillations that exhibit refraction, reflection, diffraction, resonance (reverberation and repercussion in vibration or oscillation) and interference. These exhibit planar and spherical propagation. Seismology intersects with geology, hydrology and aerology. In extensional tectonics, the divergence of lithospheric plates produces a divergent or constructive frontier that, in continents, become fosses, fissures, festers or ruptures of the terrestrial cortex (crust, rind or bark). "Constructive" tectonic terrestrial mass consists of the continental lithosphere (aluminium silicate minerals such as granite that is composed with quartz) and the oceanic lithosphere (ferric magnesium silicate minerals such as basalt via the Latin basaltes<basanites from the Greek βασανίτης with its origins in βάσανος or basanos as an approximation of the Egyptian for "touchstone, whetstone" as a "paragon" from παρακονάω or parakonáō formed by παρά or pará and‎ ἀκόνη or akónē for "acme, acute"; cf. the ceramic and mineral fibre similar to vitreous and lanate stone, glass or wool for electric and thermic isolation of conduction that is an alternative to crystalline and fibrous asbestos from ἄσβεστος or ásbestos or amiantus from ᾰ̓μῐ́ᾰντος or amíantos that is used as a wick or fuse and that is related to the hydrous magnesium silicate or talcum from ṭalq or طَلْق‎ for mica). The geologic formation of igneous basalt are famous in the Cascade Plateau and the "palisades" of mineral stone of the Hudson River (which also formed mount or wajiw that nourishes streams of a valley or basakamig, similar to basadinaag for "in the valley", leading to part of New York Bay). The latter were noted in the chart (a representation and cylindric projection with a mundane image accommodated for navigation where loxodromes are rectilinear curves with polar distortion at a distance from the equator) of Gerardus Mercator (Geert de Kremer) that included Atlantis as an expansion of Ptolemy. This author was collaborator of Gemma Reinerszoon of Friesland with terrestrial globes and orbs who described a method of triangulation (which was described by al-Biruni and advanced by Willebrord Snel van Royen and the Cassini family.

The material circulation and distribution of the hydrosphere (aquatic water), atmosphere (aerial air), and terrestrial mass are Linkprerequisite for planetary life. Hydrocarbons are generated and formed in the thermal decomposition of kerogen (fossilised natural, vegetal, animal, algal and terrestrial organic material that is distilled to produce fractionate chemical cere). The permeability, porosity, miscibility, capillarity (capillary pressure from tension, cohesion and adhesion) and (fracture and pore) connectivity of the stratum, membrane or hydraulic and lithic structure prevents the migration of the fluid (liquid and condensates of gas) in a sedimentary basin (with rocks created by subsidence and the deposition, accumulation and lithification of sediments). LinkSubduction causes plate tectonics in the mantle, and its effects affect the process of evolution. It is proposed that asteroids (intrusive collisions), plumes (convective and eruptive ruptures or columns from the core), and plates (submersion of the lithosphere into the asthenosphere of the mantle resulted in the relation of convection and subduction. Eruptive, explosive and effusive volcanic craters (calderas) differ, as cavities, from an astrobleme that is formed in an impact event of an extraterrestrial meteor. Igneous meteors, as an historic term for aqueous, luminous and aerial phenomena in atmospheric meteorology, differ from celestial asteroids that resembled stars and planets in the protosciences of astrology and alchemy (arts and philosophies compared to cosmology, astronomy and chemical physics, which are distinct as sciences from the pseudosciences that are absent of the Linkfalsifiability proposed by LinkPopper). They are fragments of an asteroid or a comet (composed of volatile ice and particulate material in an eccentric and periodic orbit with the Sun that results in the thermal evaporation of gas or vapour from a nuclear coma by radiation and charged particles) that enter (penetrate) the atmosphere of the Earth and collide with the surface at a terminal velocity.

Volcanic hills (puy in French, puig, pujol in Catalan, poggio in Italian, poio in Galician and Portuguese, and poyo in Spanish for the Latin podium as in "pew") are frequently cinder (scoria) cones. More prominent volcanic mountains are stratovolcanoes (cones that are composed of strata of lava, tephra, pumice and cinder from periodic explosive and effusive eruptions). The pyroclastic density or gravity current (an ardent and nebulous flux or stream) in the cataclysm (the material "plume" and the barometric pressure of the volcanic explosion) result in disaster (e.g., the aquatic undulation and inundation of 津波 or jin / tin / zing / zeon / c(h)in(g) bo / p(h)o from submarine tremors that bive and bever). This contrasts with scutal shield (scute) volcanoes that are composed of lava flows from molten rock or magma that forms igneous rock in solidification (including amorphous glasses and crystalline solids). Compare igneous granite to metamorphic (from thermal pressure) marble and sedimentary limestone and opal. The lithification of the deposition of ejections and expulsions that produces tuff is used for construction and statues. The deity Mefitis of the Oscan Samnites of Samnium (Latin from Safineis for the population and Safinim for the location, which were related as the Italic Sabellians, Sabelli or Sabellus to the Umbrian Sabines from Sabini<Safini) was associated with volcanoes and was venerated in Roman Pompeii. They are sources and springs of toxic (odorous, noxious, vaporous, venomous and sulphurous) gases and emissions. The organic sulphur odours and vapours of the animal named shekakwa or shigagwa in Anishinaabe, whose anal "urination", "perspiration" or excretion similar to musk is connected to the herbaceous epazotl (from the Anadolian epatl). The volcanoes (with cauldrons, craters and pumice) of the Cascade Mountains were formed by the subduction of oceanic (of silicon and magnesium material) tectonic plates below the continental (of silicon and aluminium material) Atlantean plate at the Cascadia subduction zone.

Mountains appear in Greek mythology as sacred (e.g., Olympus and Parnassus, the latter from an Anatolian possessive of "domicile, temple" sacred to Apollo and Dionysius). Mount Ida (either the one in Crete or the one in Anatolia) is considered to be a mountain of a divine mother deity (Rhea or Ῥέα, of the Titan of Gaia and Ouranos and the mother of Zeus with her consort Kronos, or Cybele of Phrygia, with a chariot and lions). At the base of volcanic Mount Etna (in Latin Aetna, from the Greek Αἴτνη or Aítnē for αἴθω or aíthō as a cognate for the summer light, fire, burn and ignition of aestas or the edifice and edification of an aedicula and aedile; it is associated with the Phoenician ʾattūnā for "furnace" and the Arabic جبل النار or Jabal al-Nār for "mountain of fire") is the Sicilian city of Catana (Κᾰτᾰ́νη or Katánē), which was named from the indigenous Sicel (Σῐκελός or Sikelós) population for a radular grater in reference to the crude, sharp, rough and harsh land (ground, earth, stone or soil) of lava. It was Latinised as Catina to describe the gulf, bay, basin, bowl or vessel of the topography. When it became an emirate, the Arabic name was Balad al-fīl (بلد الفيل) and Madīnat al-fīl (مدينة الفيل) for "the Community [Village, Town, Land or Country] of the Elephant" and "the City [State, Jurisdiction or Province] of the Elephant", which references the lava sculpture of an elephant at the place of its domus [​ecclesiae​] (from οἶκος τῆς ἐκκλησίας or oîkos tês ekklēsías, literally "house [or dome of the church]". The volcano is related in myth to the thermal energy of Mulciber (Vulcan, who softens, placates, appeases, assuages, satisfies, comforts, consoles, and pleases metal), an insatiable violence, the prison of the monstrous and serpentine Typhon (Τυφωεύς or Typhōeús and Τυφάων or Typháōn) by Zeus (if not the carceral and infernal penalty of Tartarus or Tartessos, or the isle of Inarime from Etruscan and alternatively Aenaria, for the Trojan Aeneas of the Aeneid by Virgil, or Πιθηκοῦσαι or Pithēkoûsai, from πῐ́θηκος or píthēkos for "monkey, ape"), and the realm of Morgan le Fay. The city of Taranto (a commercial and naval base, and eponym of the tarantella dance) in Apulia was founded by Spartan colonisation (and captured from the Messapic Iapygians, who were related to the Illyrians), which named for Taras (Τᾰ́ρᾱς or Tárās). This son of Poseidon (Ποσειδῶν or Poseidôn with a trident of Neptune) was the mythic founder when his father save him when he delivered him a dolphin (which are a prevalent population of cetaceans) to mount and traverse the sea. The city was important in the Magna Graecia (Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς or Megálē Hellás) region of coastal Southern Italy. It is in the vicinity of Brundisium (Βρεντέσιον or Brentésion, from the Iapygian βρένδος or bréndos as βρέντῐον or bréntion for "head of a stag buck, deer or hart" in reference to the natural figure of the harbour), which is south-east of the vigilant port Barium (Βάριον or Bárion from the Iapygian Linkburion, bauria for "house, domicile, habitation").

One of the plates of Panthalassa fractured with the formation of the Pacific plate, and its vestiges (named for the Rose Island and the isles of "columns" (faraglione, farallón, faralhão, from pháros or pharus) adjacent to the Palman riviera of San Francesco) subduct at the Pacific Northwest coast. The Pacific and Atlantean plates collide and intersect with horizontal motion (dextral or right-lateral, as opposed to sinistral) at a fault named for a lake it formed adjacent to a rustic city (Sant'Andrea, San Andrés, Santo André). Parallel faults form graves and hursts as valleys and basins, and as named by Eduard Suess (a colleague of Vladimir Vernadsky in the proposed idea of the biosphere). In Arctic Atlantis, the isles of alagsxaq ("the objective of the action that the sea is directed" in the language of a migration, not the Turkic al for "crimson") are formed by the subduction of the Pacific plate with the Atlantean plate. This region is connected to the culture of (con)federations of the Manju and Tatar (of Sibir with its mountains, rivers and lakes, which is associated with mythic Tartarus and related to, but beyond, the tribal people of the Taurica, the Lip(k)a, the Bulgar or "mixed" Volga and the Bashqort or "chief wolf" Ural of Europe), the empires of the Mongols and the Russians, the dynasties of China (whose emperors coincided with the Turks), and the expansion of the Slavic kazak (from the Turkic qazaq) nomads in Asia. A geologic triple junction exists at the frontiers (as medial, dorsal and oceanic ridges, not depressive fosses or transform faults) of the Eurasian (European and Asian), African and Atlantean plates (where the Atlantic Azzorri, Azores, Açores isles formed in Macaronesia, or an aquatic area influenced by an oceanic current that interacts with the marine coast of Iberian Portugal and Galicia and with the saline flux of the Mediterranean Sea, which includes The Vicures Islands). South of Atlantis, a minor plate collides with the Pacific plate to form a volcanic archipelago (the "Coque Isles", from Isole del Cocco, Islas del Coco, lhas do Coco named from the Greek κόκκος or kókkos via the Latin coccum for "berry" in reference to the kapalah or capital cranium of a drupe used for oil that is similar to the cream or milk of mammary susu or mamma, are notable for conchs, corals, Astronesian idols, and tortoises named galápagos from Iberian calapat, carapacho, carapaça for "carapace, shell, shield", which is related to "scarab" and "calabash", although that may originate from the Persian خربزه or xarboze) that was the location of Darwin's observations and collections (in a voyage of circumnavigation whose ship was captained by the meteorologist Robert FitzRoy). These equatorial islands are notable for penguins named for the Celtic pen gwen (for "white head") isle in Newfoundland or for the Latin pinguis (for a "gross, fat goose, gander, gannet") as references in either cases to the alk of the Arctic and the Northern Hemisphere, which is not related (but similar) to this aquatic avian that does not fly and that predominately inhabits the Antarctic and the Southern Hemisphere (with temperate coasts and climes). This plate converges with the Atlantean plate as a frontier of subduction and transformation as the origin of the isles of Atlantic cities and ports beyond (appositus, adjacent and opposite) Europe, Macaronesia, Atlantis, and Thule (Θούλη or Thoúlē, a land of ice and snow) as a "Newfoundland" of voyages (in Celtic, iomramh) and portolan (portolano, portulano) charts. It was termed Antillia, or from the Iberian (Hispanic and Lusitanic) ante-ilha for "fore-isle" as the opposite of Portugal and the perioecus of China in latitude, with Atlantic isle of Satanas (satan, daemon and devil) reported in a syncretic myth (legend) of the Norse, Celtic, Arab and Italian sagas (charts and histories).

There exists limestone isles (named for the family name Bermúdez from the Iberian Gothic personal name Bermudo<Vermudo<Veremund) in the Atlantic and the subtropics on a pedestal, platform, base or bank encircled by abyssal plains. Similar to isles of the Pacific, they were formed by either a mantle plume (as extinct volcanic mountains that are not submerged) or a calid (hot) point (diapir, from διαπειραίνω or diapeiraínō, or an igneous and ductile intrusion with a lithospheric extension of asthenospheric magma in terrestrial continental or oceanic plates). Their surface consists of formations from the lithification of sediment deposited by aeolian (named for Aeolus, from Αἴολος or Aíolos of Hellenic Aeolia and of the winds in the Odyssey of Odysseus by Homer) processes with the fusion of Saharan sand and erosion by ondulation during interglacial periods and glaciation. The climatic changes subsequent to the transition from the glacial period of the Pleistocene prior to the Holocene are attributed to the massive extinction of terrestrial mammifers. The temporary return to glacial conditions is attributed to the interruption of the Atlantic meridional thermohaline circulation—also suggested as a cause of the petty glacial period, era or Linkage—by the deglaciation in Atlantis and the affluence of a glacial lake. Other original factors to the terminal extinction are dependent (interrelated and correlated) to human apparition and migration. These endothermic animals—which demonstrate an advantage in thermoregulation and the limitation of resources (aliment and nutrient because of the ambient climatic stations, e.g. tropics)—became more grand in mass to fill the ambient "niche" disoccupied by the extinct non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs (but not the extant reptiles or the ectothermic organisms) in a Cretaceous asteroid impact event that promoted mammiferous dominance. For example, the ahuacatl (with a testicular form similar to a pear) is a berry (fruit) of laurel that coevolved as megaflora with these megafauna (herbivores, carnivores and omnivores) of the Pleistocene (subsequent of the Pleiocene, Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene and Palaeocene epochs, which is the geological and chronological division of an aeon, an era and a period), which became extinct in the transition to the Holocene.

The Atlantean and Eurasian plates collide with volcanic activity at Nordic Iceland, with Greenland (named by the exiled Erik Thorvaldsson with an illusory, verdant, pleasant and favourable name to attract colonists to the frigid glaciers of the island) and Vinland in Atlantis colonised and populated by Norse people of Europe. The most profound of these fosses (trenches) is the Mariner Trench formed by the subduction of the oceanic Pacific plate (that is notable as an anti-fascist region west of Atlantis). Its profundity of 10,994 m surpasses the elevation (8,849 m) of the mountain sagarmatha (for "sea forehead") in the Himalaya (an orogeny from the collision or subduction of India with the Eurasian plate). At the altitude, where the atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen and its concentration is not sufficient with elevation in excess of 8,000 m, is a "lethal zone" for prolonged human sustenance. This is similar to limit of vapour pressure of water at an euthermic temperature compared to the compression of ambient pressure. An orogenic phase (a result of the closure of the Tethys Ocean) formed chains of mountains in the (convergent or destructive) convergence of the African, Arabian and Indian tectonic plates with the Eurasian plate. Compare this to the subduction of the Pacific plate with the Atlantean plate. The African (Nubian, where Azanía or Ἀζανία refers to the tropic and geographic coast of the continent as mentioned by the Hellenic Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs or Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, which treats the "LinkErythraean" Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and Red Sea in a discussion of opportunities for maritime commerce, exchange and navigation at markets and emporia), Somali, and Arabian plates diverge at a junction to form a depression (an endorheic, endoreic or endorreic basin distinguished from the oceanic).

The frontier of the Indian, Australian and Antarctic plates diverge from the Somali plate to form a mountainous oceanic ridge in the separation of a submarine plateau and ridge resulting from a volcanic point (similar to the progressive concatenation or chain of volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean that created territorial Polynesia). These isles (pulau in Malay) consist of atolls (from atholhu in the language of maladvipa for "garlands, collars, crowns" exaggerated to be a laksha isles, i.e. of hundred thousand or of ten myriad, which is related to the red pigment and resin of laca, lacre or "lac, lacquer" similar to 漆 or qi(d) / qit / cag / c(h)at / chit / tat / tit that hardens and endures in oxidation and polymerisation, not evaporation) of annular coral structures (reefs, ridges, rocks, banks and barriers named in Arabic as الرَصِيف‎ or ar-raṣīf) and lagoons that were formed by the subsidence of calderas. These corals (from ornamental corallium) are named for the floral pua, a cognate of bunga or pun(g)a, as a beauteous fruit that springs and flows. The nautical and piscatorial vessel d(h)oni, thoni, tuoni (from the Dravidian languages) navigated to these isles in the marine water (tulu) with Austronesian contact and the pelagic, oceanic and avian "frigate" hura. Whereas the oceanic Pacific plate (which is major, the most grandiose and below the Pacific Ocean) bounds pettier, remnant plates to the west, the Alps in the interior of the continent formed in the collision of Pacific and Atlantean plates in what is called the Alpine orogeny. During subduction, elevated (obducted) oceanic crust and superior ("over" in contrast to the inferior) mantle as ophiolites (with the form similar to a serpentine ὄφῐς or óphis) became exposed and emplaced on the thrusted sediments of continental crust as nappes (from "nape, map" or the Latin mappa from Punic and Semitic Phoenician for a textile stratum as an equivalent to "table" from tab(u)la and "chart" from c(h)arta, itself from the Hellenic khártēs or χᾰ́ρτης for "paper, papyrus") from the plates, Linkcomprising the contemporary Alps of the Holocene.

The Atlantean plate extends eastwards to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (beneath the Atlantic Ocean) where it is separate from the Eurasian and African plates. Noted for its isles, this terrestrial (but not continental) and mountainous ridge, which extends to the Indian and Pacific oceans (north of the Antarctic plate) and bisects the marine basin, was discovered whilst connecting submarine transatlantic telegraph cables for telecommunications. It differs as divergence (extension and construction) from the convergence (collision and destruction) of the tectonic, oceanic, seismic, volcanic and igneous cincture (a circum-Pacific circle or arc of infernal fire and flame). The continent of Atlantis formed from the rifting (cf. "rift, rive, cleft, cleave, drift, drive, break, breach, slit(e), slice, shear, share" for "fissure" as a cognate of "rifle" for a bus and "carabine" as an "arm", a "chamber", a "box", a "fack" and a "weapon" of wonder, thunder, hook, fist and blast) and fragmentation of Pangaea ("all Gaia", enclosed by the Ocean of Panthalassa for "all sea" that became the Pacific, which was principally proposed by Alfred Wegener as the German Urkontinent with basis of tectonics, Kontinentalverschiebung), and the consequential closing of the Tethys Ocean (after the Titan pair, and the origin of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans) and opening of the World Ocean. This was hypothesised in 11296 HE by Abraham Ortels of the Dutch (Netherlandish and Flemish) cartography, geography, hydrography and cosmography (which are related to cosmology, chronology, theology, astrology, astronomy, trigonometry, geometry, arithmetic, music and calligraphy in the scientific and artistic philosophy of mathematics and physics). His Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ("Theatre of the Terrestrial Orb") of geodesy was a commemoration of the Titan Atlas in Mauretania.

The tectonic plates are arbitrarily categorised for their area. The primary plates comprise plurality of the continents and include the Pacific, Atlantean, Eurasian, African and Antarctic plates. The secondary plates include, in part, the Australian, Somali, Indian, Sunda and Arabian plates. Others are Sinitic and Austronesian, oceanic and continental, and east of the Pacific plate. The tertiary plates are grouped with an adjacent primary plate (e.g., the remnants discussed previously or prior). The subduction of the Pacific plate with the North Sea "circuit" (administrative division, region or portion) forms a volcanic archipelago of isles south of the Arctic pole (polar circle and geographic zone). Continental Australia (historically "New Holland" from the Dutch Nieuw-Holland) is named for Terra Australis Ignota or Incognita, which is a false antarctic, austral and terrestrial continent hypothetically attached to the Asian region of Patala noted by Alexander the Great that corresponds to the Sindh. The submerged continent and continental fragment of New Sealand (Nieuw-Zeeland or Staten Landt by Abel Janszoon for the Batavian governor-general in Jayakarta and Jawa, an antipode of Iberia, which is defined as a diameter or diametric segment that passes the centre of a circle as a grand and prolonged chord) and New Caledonia is located at a position on the frontier of the Pacific and Australian tectonic plates. The Polynesian (and Austronesian) Astronesians of the Pacific Ocean referred to it as Te Riu or Ke Liu for "the bilge, hull, basin, valley[ of Maui]". The Australian plate was part of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which Africa, Antarctica, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian subcontinent formed as constituents. Gondwana (named from the Sanskrit gondavana for "forest of the Gondi", a Dravidian ethnicity, language, tribe and people) formed Pangaea with Atlantis and Eurasia (Europe and Asia, of which Sunda separated from).

The Earth is composed of the interacting biosphere (all terrestrial life, with the ecosphere being the sum of ecosystems), lithosphere (the crust and superior mantle that is concentric with the subsequent two spheres to the geosphere), atmosphere (the gases of the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere), hydrosphere (the comprised water of the planet), and pedosphere (the soil interface of the former four spheres). This is globally complex compared to the water, air (aerial ceil and heaven), (over)ground (terrestrial soil and land), and underground (infernal subterranean) model. Hydraulic redistribution transports water from humid to arid grounds by subterranean radices of vascular plants in a nocturnal process of circulation from the potential pressure of diurnal transpiration. Humanity occupies (habits and resides at) the base of the "aerial Ocean", which is analogous to the "aquatic Ocean", of terrestrial Gaia in the celestial Cosmos. The colour of the atmosphere as celestial blue is caused by a dispersion of electromagnetic radiation (incident white light) with frequency f (1 / λ) by molecules or particles (which is dependent on their electric polarisability as a radiant dipole) with a radius r (diameter d / 2) and an index of refraction n such that 2πrf ≪ 1 (whereas when it is ≫ 1 the projected area of the geometric form influences and when it is ≃ 1 necessitates an application of Maxwell's equations to an isotropic, dielectric, uniform sphere). The intensity, resulting from the sum quadrate amplitude of the sum of incoherent phases, is proportional to f4 and r6. This diffusion (a phenomenon named for the Baron of Rayleigh) results in dominant blue (azure) colour (mixed with moderate green). Greater distance and density of atmosphere when the Sun is approximate to the horizon attenuates (absorbs and distorts) the higher frequency of the visible (and invisible) spectrum whilst reflecting the penetrating red (orange and rose) light. The atmospheric optic phenomenon of the parhelion ("sun dew" or "sun hounds" as mythic solar wolves in pursuit of the Sun) results from the refraction of sunlight through hexagonal prisms as bacilliform ice crystals in cirrus clouds. Similar to the corona (diffraction of sunlight through water), it is related to the paraselene (with the Moon) and the halo (with a circumhorizontal arc, circumzenithal arc, or a tangent arc that may circumscribe the Link22° halo).

Report