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Zürich
_{Municipality in Switzerland}

From top to bottom: View over Zürich and the lake,
the Opera House, Prime Tower at night, ETH main building a
nd Fraumünster church in the old town.

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Coat of arms

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Location of Zürich

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Country: Switzerland
Canton: Zürich
District: Zürich

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Executive: Stadtrat (with 9 members)
Mayor: Corine Mauch
Parliament: Gemeinderat

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Twin towns: Kunming, San Francisco

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Zürich

Zürich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. As of January 2020, the municipality has 434,335 inhabitants, the urban area (agglomeration) 1.315 million (2009), and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million (2011). Zürich is a hub for railways, roads, and air traffic. Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country.

Permanently settled for over 2,000 years, Zürich was founded by the Romans, who, in 15 BC, called it Turicum. However, early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years (although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early). During the Middle Ages, Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and, in 1519, became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli.

The official language of Zürich is German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect, Zürich German.

Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city, including the Swiss National Museum and Kunsthaus. Schauspielhaus Zürich is considered to be one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world.

Zürich is among the world's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population. The city is home to many financial institutions and banking companies.

Monocle's 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Zürich first on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within". In 2019 Zürich was ranked among the ten most liveable cities in the world by Mercer together with Geneva and Basel.

Economy

In a 2009 survey by CityMayors.com, Zürich was ranked 9th among the "World's 10 Most Powerful Cities". In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Zürich was ranked as having the 11th most competitive financial center in the world, and second most competitive in Europe after London. The Greater Zürich Area is Switzerland's economic centre and home to many international companies. By far the most important sector in the economy of Zürich is the service industry, which employs nearly four-fifths of workers. Other important industries include light industry, machine and textile industries and tourism. Located in Zürich, the Swiss Stock Exchange was established in 1877 and is nowadays the fourth most prominent stock exchange in the world. In addition, Zürich is the world's largest gold trading centre.

Ten of the country's 50 largest companies have their head offices in Zürich, among them ABB, UBS, Credit Suisse, Swiss Re and Zürich Financial Services. Most Swiss banks have their headquarters in Zürich and there are numerous foreign banks in the Greater Zürich Area. "Gnomes of Zürich" is a colloquial term used for Swiss bankers on account of their alleged secrecy and speculative dealing.

Zurich metropolitan area

The European Metropolitan Region of Zurich (EMRZ), also Greater Zurich Area (GZA, German Zürcher Wirtschaftsraum, Metropolregion Zürich), the metropolitan area surrounding Zurich, is one of Europe’s economically strongest areas and Switzerland’s economic centre. It comprises the area that can be reached within a roughly 80-minute drive from Zurich Airport. Home to many international companies, it includes most of the Canton of Zurich, and stretches as far as the Aargau and Solothurn in the west, Thurgau, St. Gallen and parts of Grisons in the east, Schaffhausen in the north and Zug and parts of Schwyz and Glarus in the south. Roughly three million people live in the area.

The Swiss federal office for statistics defines an unofficial metropolitan area as including all areas where more than one twelfth workforce commutes to the core area. According to the 2000 Swiss census, this includes a total of 220 municipalities in seven cantons: 127 in the canton of Zurich, 58 in Aargau, 11 in Schwyz, 10 in Zug, 9 in Schaffhausen, 3 in Thurgau and 2 in St. Gallen. The area covered by these municipalities is 2103 km²[citation needed] (excluding Lake Zurich and Greifensee), inhabited by a population of 1.8 million.

Numerous Swiss and international corporations are based in the area, profiting from benefits such as:

• the low tax rate

• the low cost of doing business, excellent infrastructure

• the high quality of life

• the dominant financial sector Zurich

INFORMATION ON THE ZURICH METRO AREA

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The Greater Zurich Area AG, a nonprofit organization, is the marketing association for the Greater Zurich Area business region. It recruits international companies abroad and assists them with setting up companies and making investments in the Greater Zurich Area. Its sponsor is the Stiftung Greater Zurich Area Standortmarketing, a public-private partnership that was established in November 1998. Since that time, its membership has grown to include the cantons of Glarus, Grisons, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Ticino, Uri, Zug and Zurich, the cities of Zurich and Winterthur, several businesses and universities. Switzerland and the Greater Zurich Area have the prerequisites for innovation and sustainable growth. This is due to political stability, a large talent pool and the ETH Zurich as one of the best universities in Europe. Companies such as Google, Microsoft, IBM, Disney, ABB, Biogen, Johnson & Johnson and Roche operate important research and development (R&D) sites in the Zurich metropolitan area.

Important Industries:

• Life Sciences: Biotech, Medtech

• Information Technology: Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality, and Cybersecurity

• Fintech & Blockchain

• Robotics & Intelligent Systems: Robotics, Drone Technology, Computer Vision

• Industry 4.0 & Advanced Manufacturing

The association Zurich Airport Region (Flughafenregion Zürich) is responsible for the business network and location promotion in the immediate vicinity of Zurich Airport.

Large companies are headquartered in the Zurich Airport Region:

• Swissport International (Glattbrugg)

• Gategroup (Kloten)

• Dormakaba (Rümlang)

• SV Group (Dübendorf)

• SR Technics (Kloten)

• Hotelplan (Glattbrugg)

• Hewlett-Packard Switzerland (Dübendorf)

• Flughafen Zürich AG (Kloten)

• Jumbo (Dietlikon)

• UPC Switzerland (Wallisellen)

• Coca-Cola HBC Switzerland (Brüttisellen)

• Edelweiss Air (Kloten), CSC Switzerland (Dübendorf)

• Canon Switzerland (Wallisellen), Qualipet (Dietlikon)

• Gamma Renax (Dübendorf), Infosys Consulting (Kloten)

• Microsoft Switzerland (Wallisellen), Ricoh Switzerland (Wallisellen)

• Tchibo Switzerland (Wallisellen)

• Vifor Pharma (Glattbrugg)

The following eleven municipalities belong to the Swiss economic metropolis "Zurich Airport Region": Bassersdorf, Bülach, Dietlikon, Dübendorf, Kloten, Nürensdorf, Oberglatt, Opfikon, Rümlang, Wallisellen and Wangen-Brüttisellen. In the broader sense, many other communities and cities belong to the airport region of Zurich. The office of the association with over 500 members is located in Opfikon-Glattbrugg. Christoph Lang heads the office. René Huber (Mayor of Kloten) is the president of the association's board.

Education and research

About 70,000 people study at the 20 universities, colleges and institutions of higher education in Zürich in 2019. Two of Switzerland's most distinguished universities are located in the city: the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), which is controlled by the federal government, and the University of Zürich, under direction of the canton of Zürich. Both universities were listed in the top 50 world universities rated in 2007, while the ETH has consistently remained in the top 10 universities worldwide sinve 2016.

ETH was founded in 1854 by the Swiss Confederation and opened its doors in 1855 as a polytechnic institute. ETH achieved its reputation particularly in the fields of chemistry, mathematics and physics and there are 21 Nobel Laureates who are associated with the institution. ETH is usually ranked the top university in continental Europe. The institution consists of two campuses, the main building in the heart of the city and the new campus on the outskirts of the city.

The University of Zürich was founded in 1833, although its beginnings date back to 1525 when the Swiss reformer Ulrich Zwingli founded a college of theology. Nowadays with its 24,000 students and 1,900 graduations each year, the University of Zürich is the largest in Switzerland and offers the widest range of subjects and courses at any Swiss higher education institution.

The Pedagogical College, the Zürich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) and the Zürich University of the Arts (ZHdK) are another three top-class technical colleges which contribute to Zürich's reputation as a knowledge and research pole by providing applied research and development. Zürich is also one of the co-location centres of the Knowledge and Innovation Community (Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation) of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology.

State universities by size in Canton Zürich

City Districts

Government

The City Council (Stadtrat) constitutes the executive government of the City of Zürich and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of nine councilors, each presiding over a department. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Municipal Council are carried out by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. The mayor (German: Stadtpräsident(in)) is elected as such by a public election by a system of Majorz while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate. Any resident of Zurich allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. In the mandate period 2018–2022 (Legislatur) the City Council is presided by mayor Corine Mauch. The executive body holds its meetings in the City Hall (German: Stadthaus), on the left bank of the Limmat. The building was built in 1883 in Renaissance style.

As of May 2018, the Zürich City Council was made up of three representatives of the SP (Social Democratic Party, one of whom is the mayor), two members each of the Green Party and the FDP (Free Democratic Party), and one member each of GLP (Green Liberal Party) and AL (Alternative Left Party), giving the left parties a combined seven out of nine seats. The last regular election was held on 4 March 2018.

Parliament

The Municipal Council (Gemeinderat) holds the legislative power. It is made up of 125 members (Gemeindrat / Gemeinderätin), with elections held every four years. The Municipal Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The sessions of the Municipal Council are held in public. Unlike those of the City Council, the members of the Municipal Council are not politicians by profession but are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Zürich allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipal Council. The legislative body holds its meetings in the town hall (Rathaus), on the right bank of the Limmat opposite to the City Hall (Stadthaus).

he last election of the Municipal Council was held on 4 March 2018 for the mandate period of 2018–2022. As of May 2018, the Municipal Council consist of 43 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP), 21 The Liberals (FDP), 17 members of the Swiss People's Party (SVP), 16 Green Party (GPS), 14 Green Liberal Party (GLP), 10 Alternative List (AL), and four members of the Evangelical People's Party (EVP), giving the left parties an absolute majority of 69.

In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the SPS which received 25.6% (-6) of the vote. The next four most popular parties were the GPS (20.9%, +9.7), GLP (15.7%, +6.4), SVP (13.7%, -4.3), the FDP (11.8%, -2.2), the AL (4%, new), and the CVP (3.5%, -0.2).[34] In the federal election, a total of 110,760 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.7%.

In the 2015 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the SPS which received 31.6% of the vote. The next four most popular parties were the SVP (18%), the FDP (14%), the GPS (10.7%), the GLP (9.2%). In the federal election, a total of 114,377 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.2%.

Urban area

The areas surrounding the Limmat are almost completely developed with residential, industrial, and commercial zones. The sunny and desirable residential areas in the hills overlooking Zürich, Waidberg and Zürichberg, and the bottom part of the slope on the western side of the valley on the Uetliberg, are also densely built.

The "green lungs" of the city include the vast forest areas of Adlisberg, Zürichberg, Käferberg, Hönggerberg and Uetliberg. Major parks are also located along the lakeshore (Zürichhorn and Enge), while smaller parks dot the city. Larger contiguous agricultural lands are located near Affoltern and Seebach. Of the total area of the municipality of Zürich (in 1996, without the lake), 45.4% is residential, industrial and commercial, 15.5% is transportation infrastructure, 26.5% is forest, 11%: is agriculture and 1.2% is water.

View over Zürich and Lake Zürich from the Uetliberg

한국의 왕국
Kingdom of Korea

N A T I O N A L - A S S E M B L Y
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National Assembly of Joseon

Seal of the National Assembly

Type

Type	Unicameral
House	National Assembly

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwLeadershipabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw

Taewang	Ahnjong
Prime Minister	Yi Jung-hee

Structure

Seats

627

National Assembly Negotiating Groups	█ DS (406) █ KSDP (81) █ LKP (81) █ ODP (59)

The National Assembly of Joseon

The National Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Kingdom of Korea, commonly known as Joseon. The National Assembly is made up of a Assembly Members (commonly shortened to AMs) the number of AMs varies depending on the boundary and seating reforms which take place in conjunction with the population census. Assembly Members are either elected via a single member district where the candidate with the most votes wins, or via a regional list which uses the D'Hondt method of proportional representation to elect an asigned number of AMs. Elections must take place every four years, unless the term is extened due to an ongoing crisis, the extension must be supported by two-thirds of AMs and be signed off by the King, the assembly may be dissolved earlier by the sitting Prime Minister by a super majority vote or by the King combined with a majority vote.

The National Assembly meets in the old building of the previous National Assembly in Seoul, it was debated during the unification process whether they should meet in the old Supreme Assembly in Pyongyang however this building is now being used for a mix of other governmental purposes and the Pyongan Regional Assembly. The Speaker and Deputy-Speakers sit along the front row facing the rest of the chamber, while the seating is laid out in a horseshoe arrangement, with the King having the option of sitting on the sidelines as he is not allowed to partake in debates.

The National Assembly is the primary legislative body in the Kingdom of Korea, legislation can be proposed by both the opposition and the government, but governmental is directed from the Cabinet which is chosen by the Prime Minister or on recommendation by the King.

Current Composition

Structure

The constitution stipulates that the assembly is presided over by a Speaker and two Deputy Speakers, who are responsible for expediting the legislative process. The Speaker and Deputy Speakers are elected in a secret ballot by the members of the Assembly, and their term in office is restricted to four years. The Speaker is independent of party affiliation, and the Speaker and Deputy Speakers may not simultaneously be government ministers. The King may sit in the Chamber during a parliamentary session and on special occaisions make a speech to the chamber but he cannot vote in the session although he may make recommendations and executive orders, he may also dismiss legisaltion if it is deemed 'too authoritarian' or against public opinion. He also had the ability to dismiss cabient members although a constitutional reasoning must be given.

Negotiation groups

Parties that hold at least 25 seats in the assembly form floor negotiation groups (Korean: 교섭단체, Hanja: 交涉團體, RR: gyoseop danche), which are entitled to a variety of rights that are denied to smaller parties. These include a greater amount of state funding and participation in the leaders' summits that determine the assembly's legislative agenda, it also grants AMs from those in groups greater speaking time and more office space.

Legislative process

To introduce a bill, a legislator must present the initiative to the Speaker with the signatures of at least fifteen other members of the assembly. The bill will then be edited by a committee to ensure that the bill contains correct and systematic language, it will then be debated by the Assembly and put to a 'pending' stage where suggestions made in the debate can be added into the bill and things taken out. After that it will be sent back to the Assembly to be either accepted to rejected.

Committees

There are 16 standing committees which examine and debate bills, petitions and protest matters falling under their respective jurisdictions, and perform other duties as prescribed by relevant laws including parliamentary outings, inviting specialist speakers, etc.

House Steering Committee
Legislation and Judiciary Committee
National Policy Committee
Finance Committee
Broadcasing and Communications Committee
Culture, Sports and Tourism Committee
Foreign Affairs and Unification Committee
National Defense, and Intelligence Committee
Security and Public Administration Committee
Environment, Agriculture, Rural Affairs, Oceans and Fisheries Committee
Trade, Industry and Energy Committee
Health and Welfare Committee
Labor Committee
Land, Infrastructure and Transport Committee
Education, Science and Technology Committee
Gender Equality and Family Committee

Election

Since the return to democracy in 2019 that ended the Park Geun-hye Junta, the National Assembly has been elected every four years through a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) system, meaning that some of the members are elected from constituencies according to the system of first past the post, while others are elected at a national level through proportional representation. As of 2027, 418 members are elected in single districts, the other 209 members are elected by party lists. The single-member results have no bearing on the numbers elected by party list.