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July, 1979
^{Building Pressure and a Glimmer of Hope}

Mother India Chapter XVI¹ 

सत्यमेव जयते Truth Alone Triumphs

Northern India
_{Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, India}

Rajiv Gandhi looked out of his hotel window, pulling back on a set of obscuring curtains to gaze at the city of Amritsar. It was no New Delhi or London, but the place had history. He had read up on Amritsar before flying here from the capital. Sikh legends tell of how the fourth Guru had ordered the construction of a new town, which soon became a larger town, then a city under the Sikh Empire and so on. Amritsar also held substantial religious significance for Sikhs, who held it in high regard as the holiest of cities. Akin to Mecca and Medina for the Muslims and Jerusalem for the Jews, Christians and even the Muslims themselves, the Sikhs too had a revered place of worship at the center of the city. They called it the Harmandir Sahib or the “House of God”, though, everyone else across India knew the compound simply as the Golden Temple.

From his window he could see the compound along with some of the buildings housed within and if he looked close enough he was able to see the golden outline of the Harmandir Sahib. He would soon get acquainted with the place. Or, at the very least, be driven near it. He had been advised again and again not to enter the compound, lest it be interpreted as some sort of attack on the Sikh community. Maybe it was fear mongering by his bodyguards to keep him safe or perhaps the bureaucrats from the Home Ministry were as disconnected from the rest of India as he saw in the papers. But still, he couldn’t see a larger symbol of reconciliation between Hindus and Sikhs than the son of the Prime Minister peacefully entering the Golden Temple and sharing in the communitarian customs of the Sikhs.

But, Gandhi’s dreams of peace and reconciliation between the religions of India would have to wait. In a few minutes, he would be called down to the lobby and then driven to the local headquarters of the Shiromani Akali Dal for yet another round of negotiations between the Union Government and the Sikhs. The mere thought made Rajiv sigh. It was a never ending cycle of talks that had been going on for almost three years now. It was obvious, even to him, that the negotiators, a mix of Sikh political and religious leaders along with Punjabi activists and politicians were stalling for time. Meanwhile, they mobilized outside, agitating the masses and putting pressure on New Delhi to give in to their demands. The pattern had become obvious the moment Rajiv realized he had been saying pretty much the same speech every six months when negotiations took place:

“The Union Government is committed to listening to the people of Punjab and consider their requests as long as they are in accordance with the Constitution or reasonable within the federal framework”, he had told them last time. From there, the negotiators would usually say something along the lines of “we will consider it” before departing.

Even Rajiv was running out of patience. Perhaps now he understood why his mother could be so ruthless. Then again, had he not been around, he feared what her methods would have been to, in her own words, “liquidate Sikh agitation.” Her disdain for the people of Punjab in general and the Sikhs in particular had never really sat right with Rajiv. He had never asked her why, but he had his assumptions. Likely a mix of her obsession with cementing her legacy and losing her political power.

She knew her history, and Sikh contributions to India were widely known. Allowing Sikh radicals to defeat her was not only the worst case scenario, but the scenario she most dreaded. But there was more, of that he was sure. There were economic implications too, with Punjab being one of, if not the most agriculturally productive state in the Union. Losing Punjab to rebellion or secession would cripple her support among the farmers and the people in general. A food crisis was the last thing India needed, especially at a time when things were changing so rapidly.

Rajiv’s time for reminiscing came to an end the moment he heard a knock at the door. It was time.

The drive to the building was short, but far from uneventful. As he passed by the Golden Temple he could hear someone speaking through loudspeakers. A sermon, perhaps? He had turned to ask his Punjabi interpreter, who translated part of what was being said. It was a speech. And a politically charged one at that. The voice called for a “rallying of the Sikhs in harmony with Hindus and all other faiths” to, in the translator's own words “bring about an end to the enslavement of Punjab.” The interpreter was a little timid as he translated the last bit as the car moved away from the range of the speakers. “Through martyrdom if necessary.” That last part had made Rajiv squirm in his seat. India had enough conflicts already. From the Northwest to the south, Naxalites and tribal militias terrorized ordinary Indians for their own ends. The last thing India needed was another uprising.

When prompted, the interpreter explained who the speaker was. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Rajiv nodded. He had heard of the name before. Given the opportunity to review IB reports, the man had been labeled a “radical agitator, a religious extremist and possible secessionist” by analysts. He was labeled as dangerous because of his charisma and uncanny ability to draw in thousands and even tens of thousands of followers in the span of less than a year. His speeches roused the Sikh youth, while his organization, the Damdami Taksal had initiated dozens of new members over the last few months. Every intelligence report Rajiv read on the man pointed to him being a threat and a radical. Someone who, at some point, needed to either be pacified or removed entirely. Otherwise, at least according to the IB, negotiations would fail or even if they were to reach some sort of deal, Bhindranwale would undoubtedly work to either subvert or delegitimize the deal. But, Rajiv held out hope that cooler heads would prevail and that a solid agreement would rally even the most radical of Sikh society.

When Rajiv arrived, he met Zail Singh, Leader of the Opposition in Punjab and head of the Congress in the state. Zail Singh had been instrumental in setting up the talks in the first place. Despite their political differences, Zail had connections within the Akali Dal and the wider Punjabi movement. While still committed to the government’s goal of ensuring Punjab’s continued union with India, he was well aware of their concerns and of the threat posed by the extremists. That’s why he had been so meticulous in ensuring that every single Sikh leader of any influence was present. Save for the extremists, of course.

But, before they could enter, Zail warned Rajiv of a new development. “Things have changed,” he warned Rajiv before elaborating. In private, he explained that the SAD was on the verge of a schism. Clashes between its leaders and the prevailing issues within Punjab were threatening to not only tear apart the state’s ruling party, but also the talks themselves. Zail also revealed that two of the party’s most prominent leaders and members of the delegation negotiating on behalf of both the party and the interests of Punjab itself had walked out. Parkash Singh Badal, the former Chief Minister of Punjab and a senior member of the SAD along with the President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Gurcharan Sing Tohra had refused to attend the negotiations. Instead, Zail had told Rajiv, the pair had joined Bhindranwale at the Golden Temple, effectively endorsing his more radical views on not only Punjabi autonomy, but also the issue of a “homeland for the Sikhs” or Khalistan as it was better known.

Things had gone from lack of progress to outright chaos in the span of a few days. Rajiv had arrived, hoping to have some sort of breakthrough. Instead, he had stumbled onto negotiations that were on the verge of collapse. A former Chief Minister and the President of the influential SGPC gone? It would divide the Sikhs down the middle and reduce any agreement to something that was more divisive than unifying. But, there was still hope, even if Zail Singh himself didn’t see it. By all accounts, Zail was prepared to return with Rajiv to New Delhi to formulate a plan to counter what was likely to be yet another insurgency within India’s borders. That didn’t need to be the case. If Rajiv could hammer out a deal with the leaders of Akali Dal and other influential members of the Sikh and Hindu communities of Punjab then he could perhaps reduce the legitimacy of the radicals. Moderates and supporters of a peaceful arrangement with the central government would flock to their side, leaving behind Bhindranwale. Of course, whatever was agreed upon would have to be enforced and fully endorsed by the federal Parliament. But, as long as there was an agreement, there was hope.

The subsequent meeting held between Rajiv Gandhi, Zail Singh and the leaders of the Shiromani Akali Dal, Punjabi Chief Minister Surjit Singh Barnala and the party’s President Harchand Sing Longowal, and the party's deputy leader and Lok Sabha member, Jagdev Singh Talwandi was the most productive in the last two years. The two sides spoke for over four hours and by the time the meeting had concluded, they had agreed to another meeting tomorrow. That had never happened since talks began. It was a sign of progress. A sign that Punjab could still be spared the violence and chaos of insurgency and rebellion. It gave Rajiv hope that in the next few days Indians in Punjab and everywhere else would be able to wake up, knowing that the so-called “Sikh Crisis” was finally over.

▬▬▬
_{Mother India¹ A Series: detailing the life, times and events of Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India}

Decade of Death: The Murder of Neil Frederick Muir
_{Part of the Family Murders}
^{1 September 1979 (5 December)}

On Tuesday 28th of August at 2:30pm, two men were fishing in Port River near Osbourne in Adelaide's north. The men saw a large garbage bag on the banks of the river between the low and high tide marks. Upon further inspection of the bags, the men found what appeared to be a human foot protruding from one of the bags, and police were called.

The corpse had been disembodied and disembowed, with these parts placed inside a bag inside the abdominal cavity. Organs and skin that had tattoos had been removed and were not stored with the body. Details pertaining to the victim's head and genitals have been spared, but were also severely damaged. This body was that of Neil Frederick Muir, and was discovered only two months after that of Alan Arthur Barnes who's body was dumped near Williamstown north of Adelaide.

Muir was 25 years old and was believed to have lived a transient lifestyle. At the time of his murder, he would have been living in a unit in Adelaide's CBD. Like Barnes, Muir frequented the Duke of York Hotel and Buckingham Arms Hotel in Adelaide's inner north. He had reportedly visited these places two days prior to his discovery and was last seen the night before the discovery of his body being rejected from a hotel for being too drunk. Also like Barnes, Muir had Noctec and alcohol in his system and had severe anal injuries likely caused by the insertion of a large blunt object.

Bevon von Einem, who allegedly held information on the death of Barnes, was known to Muir. The two had been romantically involved some years earlier. However, he was not the Police's main suspect. That would be Dr. Peter Millhouse, who was arrested today following a tip off from two known drug dealers. Millhouse had also been a partner of Muir's, and a search of his home found rope, blood, and bags suiting those found at the scene. Millhouse had also reportedly drunkenly called his attorney on the night Muir was last seen and checked into a rehab facility. Millhouse is currently not co-operating with Police and will attend a court hearing some time next year. It is also alleged that Muir had a sizeable drug debt, and that may be a motive for his murder.

Millhouse is closely related to the former Attorney-General of South Australia, Robin Millhouse. The alleged but unconfirmed links between the murders of Barnes and Muir (both allegedly homosexual men who had been given the same drug and received similar injuries and both disposed of in a similar way) and the allegation of Von Einem and Millhouse's connection to 'the elite' have given birth to a new theory considered heavily by the media but not taken seriously by the police. This theory is that of 'The Family,' a secret society of the wealthy and elite men in positions of great power who have engaged in particular acts against particular men.

SEPTEMBER 1979
^Confidence

 K U O M I N T A N G   C H I N A   ¹ 

三民主义，吾党所宗， 以建民国，以进大同。

The Three Principles of the People The foundation of our party. Using this, we establish the Republic; Using this, we advance into a state of total peace.

ZHONGZHENG DISTRICT — FALL
_{TAIPEI, Taiiwan (ROC)}

_{▌The term that sums up Taiwan is confidence. The turmoil regarding the U.S. diplomatic recognition of the Chinese Communists has been resolved in less than a year. Taiwan’s unemployment rate was just 1.14%, one of the lowest figures worldwide. Those seeking work had little difficulty securing employment. While wages did not match those in Japan or the United States, they were still acceptable. The days of factory workers earning NT$1,000 a month were long gone, with industrial wages starting at NT$5,000 and trending upward. People are saving for housing, small business ventures, children’s educational needs, retirement, and more. Food is plentiful and of good quality. Housing is affordable. A Japanese paying $400 for a 20-tatami (approximately 350 square feet) apartment might envy a Taiwanese paying just $100 for significantly larger accommodations. International vacations are affordable, and three television networks provide almost all of their programming in color. A first-run movie costs the equivalent of just over a U.S. dollar, while a modest meal is similarly priced. Admission to higher education is granted to all who can pass the competitive examination. Those who do not pass are eligible for vocational training. Since 1979, nine years of free public education have been mandatory. Medical care is guaranteed to all citizens. People come from the United States for complete physical examinations in hospitals and dental procedures in clinics. The savings are sufficient to finance transportation and lodging.}

_{The morning of December 16, 1978, brought unsettling news to the people of the ROC when President EDWARD “TED” KENNEDY announced the United States’ recognition of the Chinese Communists and the de-recognition of the ROC. He also declared that the U.S.-ROC Mutual Defense Treaty would be terminated by the end of 1979. This announcement created considerable anxiety among the population. The stock market fell and real estate values ​​experienced a small decline. There were stories of a “capital flight,” although no businesses, banks, or factories appeared to be closing. In response to concerns, President CHIANG CHING-KUO, Premier SUN YUN-SUAN, and other free Chinese leaders promptly assured the people that no change would occur. They reiterated the ROC’s commitment to its principles and goals, confirmed the military capability to protect the island province, and promised that substantial relations with the United States would continue and that there was nothing to fear except fear itself. A defense fund was initiated, which now exceeds NT$3 billion. International allies pledged their firm support. The U.S. Congress set in motion a new direction for U.S.-ROC relations, leading to an act signed by President KENNEDY that expressed American concern for the continued security, freedom, and prosperity of the ROC and the Taiwanese people. Although Taiwan’s foreign trade is often the focal point, the importance of the domestic market should not be underestimated in assessing its current prosperity and future outlook. In the first half of 1979, approximately 15,000 new businesses were established, indicating a resurgence of confidence in the island’s ability to thrive in a free market. Compared with the previous year, the capitalization of new enterprises increased by 95 percent in agriculture and 75% in manufacturing. The 83 companies listed on the Taipei Stock Exchange recorded a 38% increase in sales during the first half of this year compared with the same period last year, with steel companies achieving a remarkable 123% growth and insurance companies achieving 101%.}

_{Known for its electronics production, Taiwan produces a variety of devices, including digital watches, calculators (some of which also function as pens), radios, sound systems, tape recorders, cassette players, and black-and-white and color televisions. The country also excels in the manufacture of home appliances, including washing machines, refrigerators, stoves, rice cookers, irons, heaters, ovens, and blenders. Tatung is producing its durable and aesthetically pleasing electric fans in the United States and plans to establish a manufacturing facility in Europe. A range of automobile brands are assembled in Taiwan, alongside a significant variety of motorcycles manufactured in the country. Throughout 1979, the Taiwan Economic Research Institute projected a growth rate of 11% in manufacturing, 15% in utilities, 10% in services, 8.5% in construction, 7% in mining, and 2% in agriculture. Total foreign trade is expected to reach nearly $29 billion, accompanied by a deficit of $100 million. The money supply is expected to increase by 20 to 25% in the second half of the year, along with a further increase in interest rates. For the year, wholesale prices are expected to increase by 13%, while retail prices are expected to increase by 10 to 11%. However, prices are expected to stabilize in the last quarter of the period. Gross national product growth is estimated at 7.49%, with a per capita income of $1,580. President CHIANG and many others view these projections as cautious. The July data seem to validate this outlook. Whatever the exact statistics, 1979 is expected to be a prosperous year for the Republic of China. Anyone who thinks of the KENNEDY shock, the price of oil, and the inevitable inflation must regard the performance as remarkable. Rather than succumbing to the discouragement of unfavorable events, the people of the ROC collectively decided — without any pressure — that business as usual was imperative for the current year and climate. If there was any notable change, it was a widespread determination to increase effort and delay the gratification of the rewards earned through hard work.}

▬▬▬
_{¹ A Series: KUOMINTANG CHINA, Government affairs related to the Presidential Office and Chinese Tricameralism, encompassing the National Assembly, Legislative Yuan, and Control Yuan.}